WORK–LIFE BALANCE AND THE LEGAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF FLEXIBLE WORK: INSIGHTS FROM PAKISTAN

Abstract

This study examines the intersection of work–life balance (WLB) and flexible work arrangements within Pakistan’s socio-legal context. Globally, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, flexible work models—including remote work, flextime, and hybrid arrangements—have emerged as effective tools to enhance employee well-being, productivity, and inclusion. In Pakistan, however, adoption remains uneven due to outdated labor laws, limited technological infrastructure, and entrenched organizational cultures.

Using a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses the legal and institutional readiness of Pakistani organizations to normalize flexible work practices. Key regulatory challenges are identified, particularly within the Factories Act (1934) and provincial Shops and Establishments Ordinances, which are misaligned with contemporary workforce needs. While the Constitution provides a general commitment to decent working conditions, it lacks enforceable provisions for flexible arrangements. Empirical findings reveal that sectors such as ICT and education demonstrate higher flexibility, whereas traditional industries continue to prioritize physical presence.

Flexible work enhances employee satisfaction and reduces stress, especially for women and young professionals, yet challenges persist, including blurred boundaries between work and personal life, lack of trust-based management, and exacerbated gender inequalities. The study advocates for comprehensive legal reforms, a national flexible employment strategy, and investments in digital infrastructure and gender-responsive HR policies to institutionalize sustainable, equitable flexible work practices aligned with international labor standards.